Butterfly is a general term for a class of insects in the order Insecta, Amphiesmenoptera, and Lepidoptera. Nearly 20,000 species have been recorded in the world. China has abundant butterfly resources, which have been recorded. More than 2000 kinds. Most butterfly antennae are rod-shaped or hammer-shaped, slender, slightly thickened at the bottom and active during the day.
Butterflies are known as "flying flowers" and are a very beautiful class of insects. Most butterflies are medium to large in size, with a wingspan of 15 to 260 mm and two pairs of membranous wings. The body is long cylindrical and divided into three parts: head, thorax and abdomen. The body and wing membrane are covered with scales and hairs, forming various colored markings
The classification of butterflies, like all animals, takes "species" as the basic unit
The same kind of butterfly must be similar in shape, have the same bloodline, similar living habits, and can mate with each other to produce normal offspring
Regarding the classification of butterflies, the Swedish naturalist Linnaeus (1707-1778) conducted research as early as 1735. He classified all kinds of butterflies into one genus, called "Papilio papilio".
In 1758, Linnaeus created the "binomial method" of biological names, that is, the scientific name of a species consists of two parts, the former is the genus name of the organism (noun), and the latter is the species name of the organism (adjective). formula), combined into a scientific name. After the scientific name, the surname and year number of the named person are added, which means the person who originally named the species and the time when it was named. As for subspecies and varieties, they are listed after the species name. Scientific names are written in Latin, with the noun before the adjective, which is different from English. Typeface in printing: genus name, species name, subspecies, variety and abnormal type are in italics, and the nomenclature, year number, and taxonomic name above the genus are in normal type, so as to establish the nomenclature of organisms including butterflies
But Linnaeus did not have a division at that time, and its classification method was not perfect. Therefore, many scholars later classified butterflies in more detail. Not only the approximate species are grouped into "genus", but also the approximate genera are grouped into "family", and the families are grouped into "orders". There are also "general families" above the families, "subfamilies" below the families, "family" below the subfamilies, and "subspecies", "variants" or "types" below the species. Through the efforts of 65 entomologists including J.C.Fabricius, P.Craner, E.Donovan, J.Hubner, Geyer and P.A.Latreile, J.B.Godart and J.A. Boisduval, Herrisch-Schaffer, W.C.Hewitson, C.&R.Felder, W.F.Kirby, etc. , the world butterfly classification system was initially established in the 1870s
According to literature records. Before 1875, there were about 1,105 butterfly genera names (including synonyms) created by Xiangwei, most of which were created before 1850, and about 1,855 butterfly genera names are recorded today. The world butterfly classification system has been gradually improved with the continuous discovery of new species, the continuous increase in the number of butterflies recorded by people and the deepening of research work. In the time of J.C.Fabricius (1794), there were only 1,147 species of butterflies recorded. By the time of W.F. Kirby (1871), the total number of butterfly species recorded in the catalogue was 7,695 species, and now there are more than 17,000 species of butterflies recorded. During this period, families (subfamilies) and genera were differentiated and merged, new families (subfamilies) and genera were established, old ones were replaced by new families (subfamilies) and genera, some subfamilies or genera were promoted to families, some Species are promoted to genus, and some subspecies are promoted to species. Disagreements, though present, have generally deepened the understanding of butterfly taxonomic systems.
The most comprehensive literature on the world butterfly classification system is undoubtedly the great book "Lepidoptera of the World" edited by German entomologist A. , each volume has a butterfly primary color plate, which lays the foundation for further research. After the 1970s, Australian butterfly expert B.D'Abrera conducted extensive research on the world's butterflies. From 1981 to 1997, he published 3 volumes of butterflies in Jeonbuk, 3 volumes in Dongyang, 7 volumes in Neotropics, and 7 volumes in Australia. 1 volume of butterflies, 1 volume of paste yuan in the African tropics, a total of 15 volumes. In 2001, he published "Map of World Butterfly Abbreviated Names", which has made outstanding contributions to the investigation and research of the world's butterfly resources and the popularization of butterfly knowledge. At present, butterfly research has entered the subspecies classification. The methods of cytology and molecular biology are used to make the butterfly classification work more detailed and in-depth.
The study of butterfly classification in China started relatively late. In 1958, Professor Li Chuanlong, a famous butterfly expert, published the book "Butterfly", which divided Chinese butterflies into 11 families, 244 genera and 1277 species. The 11 families are: Hesperiidae, Papilionidae, Parnassiidae, Pieridae, Satyridae, Amathusiidae, Danaidae, Nymphalidae, Libytheida, clams Butterfly family Riodinidae, gray butterfly family Lycaenidae. After that, Professor Li Chuanlong published "Wan Li Fluttering Butterfly" (1980) and his six reports "Chinese Butterfly Chronicles" (1955-1985), which added content to the study of Chinese butterflies.
The first color map of butterflies in mainland China is the book Lepidoptera and Butterflies written by the famous entomologist Professor Zhou Yao in 1978. The book shows more than 180 kinds of butterflies from 11 families in Shaanxi. It has a Chinese name, which is a good start for the systematization of Chinese names. Since then, some good books have appeared one after another: for example, in 1982, Chenzhou and Qinghai, Hunan each published a volume of "Illustration of Economic Insects: Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths)", and in 1984 Wang Guang and others published "List of Butterflies in Liaoning" , In 1986, Wang Lijun published "The Butterfly List of Mao'er Mountain"; in 1988, Wu Xingfang published "Lingnan Oasis Butterfly", etc.
After entering the 1990s, Wang Zhiguo and others published "Henan Butterfly" (1990), Li Chuanlong and others published "Chinese Butterfly Atlas" (1992) and "Yunnan Butterfly" (1995). With the publication of three major works, "Chinese Butterfly Chronicles" (1994), "Classification and Identification of Chinese Butterflies" (1998), and "Primary Color Labels of Chinese Butterflies" (1999), edited or edited by the famous entomologist Zhou Yao, China A butterfly classification system has been established
However, the research on the world butterfly classification system is still relatively backward in my country. Due to the long-term occlusion, there are few foreign butterfly specimens in domestic insect museums and butterfly museums, which limits people's research. From 1985 to 1990, Shou Jianxin and Zhou Yao classified the world's butterflies through butterfly stamps from all over the world, and published the book "World Butterfly Stamps" in July 1990. The book integrates domestic and foreign research results, and further establishes the family-level classification status of Heliconiidae, Ithomiidae, Morphidae, Acraeidae, Megathymidae, and Euschemonidae. At one time, the world butterflies were divided into 17 families, and the Chinese butterflies were divided into 12 families, the characteristics of each family were clarified, their wing vein diagrams were drawn, and a key list of 2 general families and 17 families of the world butterflies was compiled (see "World Butterfly Stamps" I. Page 20 of the book), and initially constructed the classification system of butterflies in my country and the world. At the same time, 323 representative butterfly species reflected on stamps from more than 100 countries were identified one by one, and their scientific names, characteristics, taxonomic status and distribution were described, and Chinese names were drawn up for foreign butterflies for the first time. research has created the conditions. In order to be in line with international standards, people not only study domestic butterflies, but also foreign butterflies.
In 1999, Wu Yun published the book "Appreciation of the World's Famous Butterflies", which outlines the 4 general classes and 17 classes of butterflies in the world, and vividly introduces more than 150 kinds of foreign famous butterflies, which is eye-opening.
In 2000, Shou Jianxin and Zhou Yao published the book "Chinese and Foreign Butterfly Stamps". Through 961 butterfly stamps issued around the world, the book introduces the national butterflies of various countries, and records 4 superfamilies, 17 families and 471 species of butterflies that are representative around the world.
In 2001, the World Butterfly Expo compiled by Sun Guihua, Chen Lizhen and Wu Chunsheng included 13 families and 506 species of butterflies in America and Africa. The preface of the book says: "All the butterflies in the map that are the same as those in the "Chinese and Foreign Butterfly Stamps" published by Mr. Shou Jianxin and Mr. Zhou Yao in August 2000 have been referred to the Chinese name of the butterfly named by Mr. Zhou. The name of Mr. is in parentheses for the reader's reference.
With the deepening of reform and opening up, a large number of foreign butterfly specimens have entered the country, which has created conditions for viewing, understanding and identifying foreign butterflies.
In 2004, Zhou Yao, Yuan Feng and Chen Lizhen published the book "The Appreciation Atlas of Famous Butterflies in the World", which included 17 families, 346 genera and 969 species of famous butterflies in the world, making contributions to the study and appreciation of butterflies. In order to thank the Australian butterfly expert B.D'Abrera for his outstanding achievements (his book is an important reference for this book), the "World Famous Butterfly Appreciation Atlas" publishes his photo on the front page, and below the photo reads: World Famous Butterfly Expert B. D'Abrera
In 2005, Shou Jianxin and Zhou Yao published the book "The World Famous Butterfly Stamp Appreciation Atlas". The book introduces the distribution and representative species of butterflies in the major regions of the world: the Palaearctic Region, the Oriental Region, the African Tropical Region, the Australian Region, the New North Region and the Neotropical Region. The world famous butterflies on the stamps have a total of 4 families, 17 families and 1026 species, and the total number of butterflies in the world is 4 families, 17 families and 19639 species.
Because many foreign butterflies in domestic insect museums and butterfly museums do not have Chinese names, and the existing Chinese names are very confusing, it is urgent to study the classification system of the world's butterflies and do a good job of Chinese naming, so as to facilitate insect research and biology teaching. , popular science and academic exchanges at home and abroad. This is the basic work for my country's biological science to catch up with the international level
According to the traditional classification system, butterflies belong to the suborder Rhopalocera, and moths belong to the suborder Heterocera. The state of the wings at rest is used as the basis for judging butterflies or moths. With the continuous progress of lepidopteran phylogenetic research, some traditional concepts have been broken. Among them, it is of epoch-making significance that the silk-horned butterfly distributed in Central and South America has become a member of the butterfly (the adult of the silk-horned butterfly is similar to the chia moth, Nocturnal, with filamentous antennae, but the larvae are similar in shape to the Nymphalidae, and their pupae are similar to those of the Paleidae). In addition to the silk-horned butterfly, the butterfly is also a special group of butterflies, and the remaining members are butterflies in the traditional sense, namely swallowtails, pink butterflies, gray butterflies and nymphs. Therefore, the current so-called "butterfly" category is Hedvloidea, Hesperioidea, and Papilionoidea. In the phylogenetic tree, butterflies are "surrounded" by moths. In layman's terms, moths are the collective name for all members of Lepidoptera except for the above three butterfly families. However, in terms of appearance characteristics, the traditional method of distinguishing butterflies from moths is still valid, that is, most butterflies have the following characteristics: ① antennae are rod-shaped or hammer-shaped; ② they are active during the day; ③ the two-wing linkages are wing hugs; ④ The body is relatively slender.
Insects of the genus holometabola go through four developmental stages: egg (ovum), larva (larva), pupa (pupa) and adult (imago) throughout their lives. The first three developmental stages (eg egg, larva and pupa) are often It is called the early stage. The developmental process of a butterfly's egg from leaving the mother to sexual maturity is called the life cycle or life cycle, and such a process is usually called a generation.
Different species or groups of butterflies have different numbers of years. There are species with one generation per year, namely univoltine, which is characterized in that the population is less affected by small changes in environmental climate, but the impact caused by large changes in environmental climate will be more significant; there are also species with more than one year generation, namely Multivoltine, the number of generations usually increases with the increase of average temperature, the population dispersal ability is strong under the premise that the host is guaranteed, and the population number is greatly affected by changes in the environment and climate.
Butterflies are diurnal insects, their activities are during the day, and the flight attitude and speed vary from species to species.
Adult butterflies use siphon mouthparts to suck nectar, fruit juice, tree sap, candy or fermented products, as well as water from streams or moss, feces of birds and animals and body fluids of animal carcasses. Different species have different feeding habits.
Due to the different living habits and changes in the structure of the external genitalia of adult butterfly insects, it is ensured that different species do not hybridize with each other. Before the butterflies mate, most of them go through the process of proposing and flying for a period of time, and some types of marriage flights need a lot of space.
After mating, female butterflies mostly lay eggs one by one on the host plant, and only a few species lay their eggs near the host plant. Butterflies usually lay 50 to 200 eggs. When they can obtain abundant nutrition, the number of eggs laid will increase, and when the nutrition is insufficient, the number of eggs laid will decrease.
Usually, most female butterflies lay their eggs on the plants of the host plant. The choice of location varies, but most species choose to lay their eggs on the dormant buds of dry foliar flower lotus buds. A small number of species are produced in plant stems or bark folds, and even some species are produced on dead branches or rocks close to host plants. The bottom of each egg has the secretion of the female butterfly, which can stick firmly to the object without falling off.
The forms of butterfly spawning are divided into single-production and multi-production. Some butterflies only choose single-production or multi-production, and some butterflies choose both single-production and multi-production (such as Erionota torus). Among the aggregated eggs, there is a rather special arhat-like pattern (eg Araschnia) and even beaded (eg Bhagadatta austenia).
The incubation time of eggs is usually affected by temperature, ranging from 4 to 5 days to as many as 2 weeks. Species that survive the summer and winter with eggs (such as most of the gray butterfly family Theclini), the egg period can be as long as 300 days. After hatching, many species of larvae will eat the eggshell, presumably to supplement the nutrients needed by the body.
Butterfly larvae's head shell and epidermis cannot expand indefinitely with body growth and need to grow through molting. Each time the skin is molted, an age (stadium) is added. Butterfly larvae are mostly 4th or 5th instar, and some species can exceed 7th instar or under special circumstances. The larvae of the same species of butterfly at different instars also have some differences. Butterfly larvae eat the soft, nutrient-rich molting skin, but generally do not feed on the hard head shell.
Butterfly larvae mostly inhabit the leaves or branches of host plants, often make silk pads on the surface, and rely on foot hooks to hold them tightly to prevent them from falling. Some larvae have the habit of making leaf nests. For example, the larvae of the butterfly, some nymphs and gray butterfly will use the host leaves to make simple leaf nests and inhabit them, but they love cleanliness and usually put feces in the leaf nest Besides, it is one of the effective ways to distinguish leaf nests of moth larvae. In addition, many butterfly larvae have catapults in the anus, which can eject feces far away.
Butterfly larvae mainly feed on the leaves, flowers or fruits of plants, and a small number of groups are carnivorous (for example, the larvae of the genus Maculinea feed on aphids or scale insects, and the larvae of the genus Maculinea prey on ant larvae in the ant nest) . Butterfly larvae are mostly oligophagous, often feeding on specific groups of plants, and some species are even monophagous. Many gray butterfly larvae maintain a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with ants. The larvae can secrete the honeydew that ants love to eat through the nectaries, and the ants also protect the butterfly larvae from natural enemies.
The last instar larvae of the butterfly will stop feeding after a certain period of growth, and excrete undigested food and feces from the body. After crawling to a suitable place, spin silk to fix the body, and then enter the prepupa state. At this time, the worm body becomes translucent, and this process usually takes 1 to 4 days, and some species overwinter in the pre-pupa state. After the pre-pupa, the next step is pupation. The process is that the larva first breaks the head and shell, and then the wriggling body gradually sheds the epidermis, and the new and weak pupa is revealed. After 1 to 2 days of pupation, the surface of the pupa is hardened and colored.
Butterfly pupa is an obtect pupa, which is different from exarate pupa or coarctate pupa, which is characterized by no molting that wraps larvae on the surface of the pupa, and wings and appendages attached to the pupa, but cannot. Movement, the abdomen can only be shaken by the contraction of the abdominal intersegmental membrane. The morphological structure of the pupa is divided into head, thorax, abdomen, wing region, and the cremaster at the end of the abdomen for attachment to the silk pad.
The pupae of butterflies are usually divided into hanging pupae and hanging pupae according to different attachment methods. The former only has a centromere located on the rump spine between the pupa body and external objects, so the pupae are suspended, which is common in the species of Nymphalidae. In addition to the centromere at the gluteal spine, the latter is also covered with a loop of silk thread on the chest to fix the external object, mainly found in Papilionidae, Paleidae, and most of the species of Gray Butterfly. Nymphidae species pupate in leaf nests, and the body surface is often covered with white waxy flocs to prevent water accumulation in the leaf nests. Butterfly pupae vary widely in shape and color, and many pupae of the same species have multiple color types. The pupae of most butterflies are green or brown in color, which is consistent with the surrounding objects, so that they can be well hidden in the environment and prevented from being discovered by natural enemies.
During the pupal stage, the butterfly appears to remain in a static state, but in fact, various tissues and organs in the body are reorganizing and developing. The development process will appear more or less on the entire surface of the pupa, especially at the end of the pupa development, the color of the butterfly's compound eyes and the markings on the wing area can appear, which tells us that the butterfly is about to break out of the pupa. The process by which a butterfly emerges from its pupa is called emergence.
The newly-emerged butterfly is wet and its wings are small and very delicate. Then, the butterfly will crawl to a suitable position to keep still, and continuously fill the veins with blood to make the wings spread (the veins are developed from the dorsal blood vessels of the larvae), and the wings will gradually become hard after they are spread. ability to fly. The entire emergence process of large butterflies takes 1 to 2 hours, while small butterflies such as gray butterflies or flutter butterflies only need about 20 minutes. During eclosion, butterflies excrete dark red excrement called pupa
Butterflies are distributed in all regions of the world, but the most species are in the Neotropical, Indo-Australian, and African tropics. Among them, the neotropical region is mainly concentrated in the Amazon River Basin in South America. The tropical rainforest and rich vegetation in this region have given birth to one-third of the butterflies in the world. Many beautiful and ornamental butterflies are also prolific in Brazil, Peru and other countries in South America. Followed by the Toyo region and Australia region, the world's species protected by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), such as the golden-billed swallowtail and the bird-winged swallowtail, are distributed in this region. There are more than 2,200 butterfly species in China and more than 2,500 species in India. There are only 450 species of butterflies in Australia. There are more than 1200 species of butterflies in Papua New Guinea. The third is the African region, where the lowland tropical rainforest has more than 4,000 kinds of beautiful butterflies
Lepidoptera of the class Insecta includes two types of insects, moths and butterflies. There are about 112,000 known lepidopteran species in the world, of which butterflies only account for about 10%, and the rest are moths. As two types of lepidopteran insects, the main differences are as follows:
First, butterflies usually have slender bodies, broad and large wings, and beautiful colors; moths usually have short and thick bodies, relatively narrow wings, and generally not bright enough colors.
Second, butterfly antennae are rod-shaped or hammer-shaped; moth antennae are comb-shaped, filamentous or feather-shaped.
Third, butterflies are active during the day; moths are mostly active at night.
Fourth, when the butterfly is stationary, the wings are erected on the back or kept flapping; when the moth is stationary, the wings are flat on the back or placed on the sides of the body.
Fifth, the fore and hind wings of butterflies generally do not have a special connection structure, and the hind wing shoulder area is directly attached to the fore wing during flight to keep the movement consistent; the fore and hind wings of moths usually have a special connection structure "wing yoke" or "wing rein". ', to connect the fore and hind wings when flying.
There are many classification methods of butterflies, mainly including morphological classification, numerical classification, cladistic classification, genetic classification, ultra-micromorphological classification and so on. Each of these methods has its own characteristics and advantages, as well as its own shortcomings. At present, China and most countries (including Japan, Russia, etc.) still use the morphological classification method, which is mainly based on the external morphology of the adult butterfly (wing veins, wing shape, color, markings, body size, antenna shape, mouthpart structure, forefoot). Developmental degree, etc.) and external genitalia characteristics and refer to the characteristics of juvenile as the main basis for classification and identification.
Entomologists use different classification methods for butterfly research. They mostly classify butterflies into 2 to 4 superfamilies and 5 to 17 families. Due to the different theoretical viewpoints and methods of butterfly classification, many different classification systems will be proposed for the same taxon.
Butterfly has become an important indicator species of ecological environment because of its sensitivity to ecological environment changes.
The larvae and adults of butterflies have different lifestyles and different feeding objects. Many of them feed on nectar in their adult stages. In the process of collecting nectar, they play a role in spreading pollen to many plants in nature.
Most of the larvae feed on plant leaves, as well as flower buds, stems and fruits. If they feed on human food crops or other commercial crops, they are called pests. But butterfly larvae have different feeding habits due to different species. Some damage fruit trees, such as citrus swallowtail; some damage oil crops, such as bean meal butterfly; Arrow-ring butterfly; some damage forest trees, such as camphor, nan pests blue-banded green swallowtail. In terms of medicinal plants, the tiger swallowtail is harmful to Asarum; the soft-tailed swallowtail is harmful to aristolochia. Under normal circumstances, butterfly larvae will not cause major harm due to their small size and sparse distribution. Instead, it has become an indispensable member in the field of natural ecological balance.
In addition to the above-mentioned feeding habits, individual butterfly larvae are carnivorous. For example, the gray scale butterfly eats coffee scales, and the bamboo aphid eats the bamboo aphid, which plays a certain role in inhibiting pests and can be regarded as beneficial insects.
The larvae of Papilio machaon feed on fennel and carrots, so the common name is also called fennel swallowtail or carrot swallowtail. Its larvae are called "fennel worms" in the Tibetan Pharmacopoeia.
There are many kinds of butterflies, and the colors and patterns of butterfly wings are extremely rich. People have concentrated on research and analysis of such natural coordination. Find out the law of color contrast, which is used in the color design of various artworks and textiles. In the textile process, people use the spectrum to analyze many chromatograms from the color of butterfly wings, providing clothing designers with a variety of harmonious colors, trimmings and clothing color matching, giving people a sense of beauty. According to the color and pattern of butterfly wings, various patterns of floral fabrics can be designed. The glitter in textiles also uses the principle of lepidopteran glitter, so that the fabric can show different colors from different angles. This can also be said to be generalized bionics
Production of breeding cages. Use wooden strips or bamboo poles to make a wooden or bamboo frame with a length of 2m, a width of 1.5m and a height of 1.8m, and cover the six sides with 16-18 mesh nylon gauze or iron gauze, leaving a breeding window for easy operation and preventing butterflies from escaping.
It can be purchased at the butterfly farm or collected from the wild in the spring when the flowers are blooming. Place adults, larvae, pupae or eggs into butterfly breeding cages. For female butterflies that have been mated in the wild, suitable spawning grounds should be prepared in the cage according to the different habits of various butterflies, such as folded paper strips, grain grass, gauze, etc. for them to lay eggs. Pay attention to moisturizing during the spawning period, and spray some water into the cage every day. After a certain period of time the eggs hatch into larvae.
Most butterfly larvae feed on plant leaves, stems, flowers and fruits. You can collect fresh leaves, stems, flower and fruit plants, and insert the stems into water tanks for larvae to feed. In order to ensure the normal development of larvae, it is advisable to raise 10 to 20 larvae per square meter, and insects with the habit of killing each other can be raised separately. The larvae pupate when they are 5-6 instars. When the larvae are about to pupate, put in crumpled paper balls and straw to meet the habit of the larvae to pupate. They emerge as adults by placing them in a dark, moist soil mound.
Butterfly adults need to be supplied with sufficient food, including natural food and artificial feed. Water, honey juice, syrup, milk, etc. are commonly used liquid foods. The concentration of sugar water for butterflies is 3~10%. The liquid food can be directly put into cups and plates, or absorbent cotton, absorbent gauze, etc. can be used to immerse the liquid food and then put it into the feeding container. The simple way is to put the feeding liquid in a bottle, and then put the bottle upside down in a glassware with absorbent paper or absorbent cotton on the bottom for the butterfly to eat. Artificial feed can be prepared by using sucrose, glucose, dry yeast, cabbage leaves, etc., adding preservatives and mixing them in a certain proportion, and the feeding effect is also good.
Field collection
In the mountains, choose leeward and sunny slopes and platforms between two mountains. The distribution center according to the preferences of different butterfly species; especially the places with insect-pollinated flowers and water sources between mountains. According to the habits of butterflies, honey can be applied to rocks or tree trunks, and rotten fruits can be arranged on the ground. The collection should be sunny and windless or breezy. The peak activity of butterflies is from 9:00 to 16:00 every day; in addition, the collection plan can be formulated according to the peak period of breeding of different species. Very active, difficult to catch, and in the evening swarms in suitable places along roadsides or in bushes, such as some species of Nymphalidae. Butterfly antennae, wings, feet, etc. are all parts that are easily damaged. Special care must be taken when collecting, and the integrity of the whole must be ensured, otherwise the preservation value will be lost. It is best to use poison bottles to kill the collected butterflies. The number of butterflies placed in the poison bottles should not be too many at a time, otherwise the specimens will be easily damaged. If there is no poison bottle, you can use a triangular bag made of paper, preferably one bag. After returning, put the ether cotton ball into a clean and well-sealed wide-mouth container, and then put the butterfly into anesthesia until death. The location, altitude, date and the name of the collector should be marked on the triangular paper bag.
The collected specimens should spread their wings in time on the same day, first kill the butterflies, and then spread their wings. Handle with care; do not damage other parts of the body. For long-term dehydration and brittleness of the body, the softener should be used to soften the body, and then the following steps should be used to make it: 1. Insert the needle. Select an appropriate size of insect, straightly insert it in the middle of the back of the midthorax, penetrate to the ventral surface, and leave 8mm of the tail of the insect needle at the back of the thorax. 2. To spread the wings and adjust the posture, firstly arrange the six feet to make them close to the ventral surface of the body, do not stretch or break them, and then make the antennae forward and the abdomen straight and backward, and then insert them on the wing-spreading board to spread the wings. The wings with butterflies on display should be placed in a place protected from dust and insects to dry in the shade. Usually about a week. 3. Label, the specimen is prepared, and the label must be attached to the worm needle immediately. The top-level label is the collection label, on which the collection place, collection date and the name of the collector should be written. This is a must-have for a scientific specimen. The next level is the label of the serial number or depositary unit; the distance between each level is also 8mm. The identification label (scientific name and the signature of the appraiser) is attached to the bottom of the specimen box. All original records, such as altitude, ecological environment, host, etc., should be inserted at the bottom of the needle as much as possible.
To preserve butterfly specimens, three defenses should be paid attention to: 1. Moisture-proof and mildew-proof, the specimens should be fully dried after production, which can reduce the chance of mildew. Before the arrival of the rainy season every year, people should put a hygroscopic agent in the place where the specimens are stored; during the rainy season, the specimen box should be avoided to avoid moisture absorption and mildew. If a small amount of mold is found in the specimen, it can be brushed with anhydrous alcohol with a soft brush. 2, anti-rodent and insect-proof, the door and the cabinet door are tightly closed to prevent rodents. Keep the lid tightly closed to keep the strong smell of insect repellent or insecticide at all times to prevent moths. If there are insect sloughs or powder (insect excrement) in some specimens, remove the insect excrement and insect excrement to kill the insects seen on the surface; then drop the xylene on the butterfly to kill the internal insects. 3. Dust-proof and sunlight-proof, the box in which the specimen is stored should be closed and less open to prevent dust from entering. The doors and windows of the specimen room should be opened less, and curtains should be added to the windows to avoid direct sunlight, which can prevent the butterfly scales from fading. In order to better preserve the specimens, it is best to carry out 1-2 times a year of fumigation
The butterfly gets its name from its characteristics. To the right of the word "butterfly" is "a". "A" means thin slice; and "Butterfly" means "Hu", beard, refers to tentacles, hence the name. Butterfly was also called Nymphalus in ancient times. "Compendium of Materia Medica": "Nymphs and butterflies are light and thin, and they fly with their wings attached, and so-and-so (leaves and leaves) are natural. Butterflies are beautiful in beards, and moths are beautiful in eyebrows, so they are also called butterflies, and they are commonly known as beards."
Butterflies have been favored by literati and writers since ancient times. Butterflies are often mentioned in poems and lyrics. For example, the poem "Jinse" by Li Shangyin, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, is full of remembrance for dead friends and expresses the feelings of sadness and joy. The sentence "Zhuang Shengxiao dreaming of butterflies" is a metaphor for objects, and the next sentence "Wang Di's spring heart is a cuckoo" is a metaphor for objects being separated. In Li Bai's poem "Long Gan Xing", there is also a sentence: "August butterflies are yellow, and double-flying grass in the west garden". Du Fu's poem "Two Songs of Qujiang" wrote: "The butterfly that wears flowers is deeply seen, and the dragonflies fly on the ice". It depicts the butterflies flying in the flowers for food, mating, laying eggs and dragonflies to lay eggs, and it is like flying at the touch of a touch, which is vividly depicted. Xie Yi of the Northern Song Dynasty described in "Butterfly": "Sometimes you can see catkins, dance into pear blossoms and find them". The poem of Yang Wanli's "Second Songs at Xugongdian in Suxin City" in the Southern Song Dynasty said: "Children rush to chase the yellow butterfly, and fly into the cauliflower and have nowhere to find it." The scene of flying in the flower is difficult to identify due to the protective colors of the two kinds of butterflies.
At the end of the opera "Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai", the hero and heroine are transformed into a pair of butterflies as a symbol of loyal love.
The Palace Museum in Beijing houses many famous paintings from the past dynasties of the motherland. Among them is a Song painting called "Clear Spring Butterfly Play". It is a color painting on silk. The picture is clear and vivid. There are more than ten colorful butterflies, with bright colors and beautiful appearance. Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty identified it as the work of Li Anzhong, a painter of the Southern Song Dynasty. Li Anzhong is good at painting flowers, birds and insects. In his meticulous sketching, he attaches great importance to the authenticity of the image. Therefore, the size, proportion, morphological characteristics and color patterns of various butterflies in this painting are mostly like real objects and are lifelike. Although it has been thousands of years, it can still be identified that they belong to the butterfly species near Lin'an (now Hangzhou), the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty. Individual species can also be clearly and unmistakably identified as male and female. Except for one Hymenoptera, the other 15 insects in the picture of "Eye Chun Butterfly Play" are butterflies. They belong to 6 families, 6 genera and 9 species, and are distributed in Jiangsu and Zhejiang.
Butterflies are very popular because of their bright colors. In the works of art of the past dynasties, there are many butterfly-themed works. For example, in the Ming and Qing dynasties, the pattern composed of butterflies and melons represents auspiciousness. The combination of butterflies and flowers makes the picture vivid and natural, and pairs of butterflies represent the symbol of love. These are all adopted by folk customs and have been followed. As for the butterfly patterns that can be seen in fabrics, embroidery and handicrafts, some artists will also use beautiful and colorful butterfly wings to collage into butterfly wing paintings with high artistic value
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